TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i
DEDI CA TI 0 N ................................................................................................................................ i i
A C K N 0 W LEDG EM ENT ............................................................................................................. iii
TA 8 LE 0 F C 0 NTENT ................................................................................................................. iv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. I
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. I
1.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... l
1.2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 STUDY HYPOTHESIS ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4.1 Null hypothesis ............................................................................................................... 3
1.6.1 Alternative hypothesis .................................................................................................... 3
1.6.2 Justification .................................................................................................................. 3
1.6.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVlEW ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Organophosphate poisoning .............................................................................................. 5
2.2 Proposed mechanism and similar studies .......................................................................... 6
2.3 Composition of palm oil .................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Controversies of palm oil .................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Heamatological studies . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. I 0
2. 6 Biochemical studies ......................................................................................................... I l
2.6.1 Functional plasma enzymes or plasma specific enzymes ............................................. ll
2.6 .2 Non-functional plasma enzymes or non-plasma specific enzymes .............................. I2
2.6.2.1 Transaminase ............................................................................................................. 12
2.6.2.2 Alkaline Phosphatase ................................................................................................. I 2
2. 6. 2. 3 Amy lase ..................................................................................................................... I2
2.6.2.4 Gamma glutamyltranspeptidase ·············:·································································· 12
2.6.2.5 Lipases ....................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 13
3.1 Study design .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Study site ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Laboratory animals ....................................... : .................................................................. I 3
3.4 Determination of sample size .......................................................................................... !3
3 .4.1 Inclusion criteria ........................................................................................................... I 3
3.4.2 Exclusion criteria .......................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Sampling technique ......................................................................................................... I 3
3.6 Sample collection and preparation of samples ................................................................ 13
3.6.I Sample collection ......................................................................................................... 13
3.6.2 Extraction of red oil ...................................................................................................... 13
3.7 Phytochemical analysis .................................................................................................... 14
3.7.1. Test for Flavonoids ...................................................................................................... 14
3. 7 .2. Test for Phenol.. ........................................................................................................... 14
3.7.3. Test for Tannins ........................................................................................................... I4
3.7.4. Test for Saponins ......................................................................................................... 1-l
3.7.5. Test for Phlobatannins ................................................................................................. 14
3.7.6. Test for Alkaloids ........................................................................................................ 14
3.7.7. Test for Steroids ........................................................................................................... 15
3.7.8. Test for Terpenoids ...................................................................................................... 15
3.7.9 Test for carotenoid ........................................................................................................ 15
.l. 7.1 0 Test for tocopherol ...................................................................................................... !5
3. 7. I I Sources of Chemical, Reagents, Glass wares, Instruments and Equipment.. ............. 15
3.7. I 2 Chemicals and Reagents ............................................................................................. 15
3.7.13 Glass wares, Instruments and Equipment.. ................................................................. 16
3.8 Anti-poisoning studies ..................................................................................................... 16
3.9 Biochemical studies ......................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Haematological studies .................................................................................................. I 8
3.11 Data presentation and analysis ...................................................................................... 18
3.12 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 19
4.0 Results ................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 phytochemical screening ..................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Biochemical assay ............................................ : .................................................................. 20
4.3 Haematological assay .......................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 28
5.0 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 28
5.1 Phytochemical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Biochemical Analysis .......................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Haematological Analysis .................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 34
5.5 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 34
References ..................................................................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix I ................................................................................................................................ 40
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................................ 40
Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................................ 41
Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................................ 41
Appendix 5 ................................................................................................................................ 42
Appendix 6 ................................................................................................................................ ·L2
Appendix 7 ................................................................................................................................ 43
Appendix 8 ................................................................................................................................ 43
Appendix 9 ................................................................................................................................ 44
Appendix I 0 .............................................................................................................................. 44
Appendix I I .............................................................................................................................. 45
Appendix I 2 .............................................................................................................................. 45
Appendix 13 .............................................................................................................................. 46
Appendix I 4 .............................................................................................................................. 46
